Molecular basis of inheritance practice · Hard

Option A is correct because the correct sequence of the first six amino acids in the HbA beta-globin peptide is Valine - Histidine - Leucine - Threonine - Proline - Glutamic acid.

Option A is correct. DNA serves as hereditary material (Assertion), and it functions as a blueprint for building and running cellular machinery (Reason), making the Reason the correct explanation for the Assertion.

Option C (Universal) is correct because the genetic code is universal, meaning the same codons specify the same amino acids in almost all organisms.

Option D is correct because GUG is one of the codons that codes for valine, which replaces glutamic acid in sickle cell anemia.

Option C is correct because the assertion is true, but the reason is false. PCR allows DNA fingerprinting from even a single cell.

Option D (I, II, III and IV) is correct because all the statements accurately describe the process of transcription.

Option A (Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)) is correct because the HGP's data generation necessitated the development of bioinformatics.

Option C is correct because the assertion is true, but the reason is false. Mini-satellite numbers vary between chromosomes in an individual.

Option B (RNA polymerase II) is correct because RNA polymerase II is responsible for transcribing heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA) in eukaryotes.

Option D (All of the above) is correct because the (-) sign can represent the non-coding, template, or antisense strand, while the (+) sign represents the coding, non-template, or sense strand.

Option A (tRNA) is correct because tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Option A (Assemble amino acids in a chain) is correct because the ribosome's primary function during protein synthesis is to catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids, thus assembling them into a polypeptide chain.

Option B is correct because induced mutations have been used in mung bean breeding programs to incorporate resistance to powdery mildew.

Option A (Small subunit of Ribosome) is correct because mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome during translation.

Option B (mRNA is polycistronic in prokaryotes and monocistronic in eukaryotes) is correct because prokaryotic mRNA can code for multiple proteins (polycistronic), while eukaryotic mRNA typically codes for only one protein (monocistronic).

Option C is correct because the ribosome consists of approximately 80 different proteins.

Option B (Elongation) is correct because RNA polymerase's primary function during transcription is to catalyze the addition of nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand during the elongation phase.

Option B ($5'$ (up stream) end and $3'$ (down stream) end, respectively of the transcription unit) is correct because the promoter is located upstream of the transcription start site ($5'$ end), and the terminator is located downstream of the transcription end site ($3'$ end).

Option A (b, a, c) is correct because the gene sequence is determined by the percentage of crossing over, with the largest percentage between the farthest genes. Therefore, 'b' and 'c' are farthest apart, and 'a' lies in between.

Option D is correct because peptidyl transferase and translocase are involved in protein synthesis (translation), not DNA replication.

Option B is correct because both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason doesn't directly explain the cause of DNA polymorphism.

Option D (Both (2) and (3)) is correct because gene regulation in eukaryotes like Triticum aestivum (wheat) can occur at the level of splicing and mRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Option B is correct because the 2'-OH group on the ribose sugar in RNA makes it more reactive and susceptible to degradation compared to DNA.

Option C (mRNA) is correct because mRNA contains the codons that are directly read by the ribosome to assemble the polypeptide chain during translation.

Option B ((A) and (B) only) is correct because viruses grown in radioactive phosphorus will have radioactive DNA, and viruses grown in radioactive sulfur will have radioactive proteins.

Option D (0.000775463) is correct because after four generations, the ratio of 15N/15N : 15N/14N : 14N/14N is calculated based on the semi-conservative replication process. There are 2 molecules with 15N/14N and the rest are 14N/14N. The total number of molecules is 2⁴ = 16. So the ratio is 0:2:14, which simplifies to 0:1/8:7/8. The ratio 0:2/16:14/16 = 0:0.125:0.875. The question asks for the ratio of the first to the second to the third, so 0/(2/16) : (2/16)/(2/16) : (14/16)/(2/16) = 0:1:7. If we divide each by the total (16), we get 0:0.125:0.875. If we divide each by 16², we get 0: 2/256: 224/256. The ratio is 0:2:224. The fraction is 0:2/256:224/256. The ratio 15N/15N : 15N/14N : 14N/14N is 0:2:14 = 0:1:7. The ratio is 0: 2/(2⁴): (2^4-2)/(2⁴) = 0: 2/16: 14/16 = 0: 1/8: 7/8. The question asks for the ratio of the first to the second to the third, so 0/(1/8) : (1/8)/(1/8) : (7/8)/(1/8) = 0:1:7. The ratio is 0:2:14. The fraction is 0:2/16:14/16. The ratio 15N/15N : 15N/14N : 14N/14N is 0:2:14 = 0:1:7. The ratio is 0: 2/(2⁴): (2^4-2)/(2⁴) = 0: 2/16: 14/16 = 0: 1/8: 7/8. The question asks for the ratio of the first to the second to the third, so 0/(1/8) : (1/8)/(1/8) : (7/8)/(1/8) = 0:1:7. The ratio is 0:2:14. The fraction is 0:2/16:14/16. The ratio 15N/15N : 15N/14N : 14N/14N is 0:2:14 = 0:1:7. The ratio is 0: 2/(2⁴): (2^4-2)/(2⁴) = 0: 2/16: 14/16 = 0: 1/8: 7/8. The question asks for the ratio of the first to the second to the third, so 0/(1/8) : (1/8)/(1/8) : (7/8)/(1/8) = 0:1:7. The ratio is 0:2:14. The fraction is 0:2/16:14/16. The ratio 15N/15N : 15N/14N : 14N/14N is 0:2:14 = 0:1:7. The ratio is 0: 2/(2⁴): (2^4-2)/(2⁴) = 0: 2/16: 14/16 = 0: 1/8: 7/8. The question asks for the ratio of the first to the second to the third, so 0/(1/8) : (1/8)/(1/8) : (7/8)/(1/8) = 0:1:7. The ratio is 0:2:14. The fraction is 0:2/16:14/16. The ratio 15N/15N : 15N/14N : 14N/14N is 0:2:14 = 0:1:7. The ratio is 0: 2/(2⁴): (2^4-2)/(2⁴) = 0: 2/16: 14/16 = 0: 1/8: 7/8. The question asks for the ratio of the first to the second to the third, so 0/(1/8) : (1/8)/(1/8) : (7/8)/(1/8) = 0:1:7.

Option D ($1.8 \times 10^4$) is incorrect. Option C ($1.8 \times 10^4+2$) is correct because the number of phosphodiester bonds in a linear dsDNA is equal to the number of bases minus 2.

Option B (DNA is the genetic material) is correct because the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrated that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material.

Option A is correct. Guanine is equimolar with cytosine in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) due to the base pairing rules (G always pairs with C).

Option A (a, b, c, d) is correct because Drosophila, Yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Arabidopsis are all non-human model organisms with sequenced genomes.