Microbes in human welfare practice · Hard

Option A is correct because Cyclosporin A is used to prevent organ rejection by inhibiting T-cell activation, which interferes with the destruction of non-self cells.

Option C (Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)) is correct because cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, can fix atmospheric nitrogen in paddy fields, acting as a natural biofertilizer.

The correct answer is D (Sewage and agriculture fertilizer) because both sewage and agricultural fertilizers contain high levels of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, which lead to eutrophication.

Option A (Anaerobic digesters) is correct because anaerobic digestion is a common method for treating sludge, producing biogas as a byproduct.

Option D (Trichoderma) is correct because Trichoderma species are fungi widely used as biocontrol agents against various plant pathogens.

Option B (Trichoderma polysporum) is correct because it is the microorganism responsible for producing the immunosuppressive molecule cyclosporin A.

Option A is correct because biofertilizers are preferred due to the hazardous nature and expense of chemical fertilizers.

Option A (Idli) is correct because Idli is produced by the fermentation of rice and black gram by bacteria.

Option A (Propionibacterium sharmanii) is correct because Propionibacterium sharmanii is the bacterium responsible for the production of propionic acid, which creates the characteristic holes in Swiss cheese.

Option A is correct because Ernest Chain and Howard Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize for establishing the full potential of penicillin as an effective antibiotic.

Option B is correct because both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason doesn't explain why dragonflies decrease diseases like malaria and dengue.

The correct answer is C (Anaerobic bacteria) because methanogens are a type of archaea that thrive in the absence of oxygen and produce methane.

Option B is correct because both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason doesn't explain why they are classified as soft or hard liquors.

Option B (If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of Assertion) is correct because both Trichoderma and Baculoviruses are used as biocontrol agents, but the reason doesn't explain why Trichoderma is used as a biocontrol agent.

Option D (Biofertilizers) is correct because Boletus and Glomus are mycorrhizal fungi that enhance nutrient uptake, and Anabaena is a cyanobacterium that fixes nitrogen, all contributing to plant growth as biofertilizers.

Option B is correct because both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason doesn't explain why fertilizers enhance productivity.

The correct answer is D (Hydrolysis - Acetogenesis - Methanogenesis) because this is the correct sequence of steps in the anaerobic digestion process for biogas production.

The correct answer is D (Whooping cough) because whooping cough is a bacterial infection that can be treated with antibiotics.

Correct Answer + Core Reason: All of these. All listed microbes are used in industrial waste removal.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Consider the role of microbes in waste management.

Step 2: Tricoderma sp. can degrade pollutants.

Step 3: Aspergillus niger can remove heavy metals.

Step 4: Pseudomonas putida is known for bioremediation of pollutants.

Step 5: Therefore, all the given microbes are used in the removal of industrial wastes.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Tricoderma sp. is correct but not complete as it doesn't include all possible microbes.
- Option B: Aspergillus niger is correct but not complete as it doesn't include all possible microbes.
- Option C: Pseudomonas putida is correct but not complete as it doesn't include all possible microbes.

Key Concepts:
- Bioremediation
- Microbial degradation
- Waste management

Memory Aids:
- Microbes clean up messes!

Quick Tips:
- Remember the different microbes and their specific bioremediation capabilities.

Option A is correct because both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why a small part of activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank.

Option C (Lowering blood cholesterol statins) is correct because Monascus purpureus is known for producing statins that lower blood cholesterol.

Option A (Free living fungus) is correct because Trichoderma is known to be a free-living fungus used for biological control of plant diseases.

Option B (Azotobacter) is correct because Azotobacter is a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, making it a non-symbiotic biofertilizer.

Option B is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason doesn't fully explain why baculoviruses are used as biocontrol agents.

Option A (If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion) is correct because Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in baking, and the CO2 produced during fermentation causes the dough to rise.

Option C is correct. The assertion is true, but the reason is false. Fungal mycelium does more than just increase absorption efficiency.

Option A (Petroleum industry) is correct because effluents from the petroleum industry often contain substances that are not readily biodegradable, making BOD a less reliable indicator of pollution compared to effluents from industries with biodegradable organic waste.