Dicotyledonous, non-endospermic

PLANT KINGDOM MCQs for NEET UG BIOLOGY — Hard

1 Hard

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Common characteristic between bryophytes and pteridophytes is

View answer and explanation

Correct option: C

Water for fertilization

Option C (Water for fertilization) is correct because both bryophytes and pteridophytes require water for the sperm to swim to the egg for fertilization.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Water for fertilization. Both bryophytes and pteridophytes require water for fertilization.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Consider the characteristics of bryophytes and pteridophytes.

Step 2: Evaluate each option:
- Vascularization: Pteridophytes have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), while bryophytes do not.
- Terrestrial habit: Both groups have terrestrial representatives, but bryophytes are more dependent on moist environments.
- Water for fertilization: Both bryophytes and pteridophytes require water for the sperm to swim to the egg.
- Independent sporophyte: Bryophytes have a sporophyte that is dependent on the gametophyte, while pteridophytes have an independent sporophyte.

Step 3: Determine the common characteristic: The need for water for fertilization is the common characteristic.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Pteridophytes have vascular tissue, while bryophytes do not.
- Option B: While both can be found on land, bryophytes are more dependent on water.
- Option D: Pteridophytes have an independent sporophyte, while bryophytes have a dependent sporophyte.

Key Concepts:
- Bryophyte characteristics
- Pteridophyte characteristics
- Water dependence for fertilization

Memory Aids:
- Remember that both groups are "amphibians of the plant kingdom" due to their need for water for reproduction.

Quick Tips:
- Focus on the reproductive requirements when comparing these groups.

2 Hard

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Mark the correct set of characteristics for Phaeophyceae.

View answer and explanation

Correct option: B

Chlorophyll a, c; mannitol, cellulose and algin

Option B is correct because Phaeophyceae (brown algae) have chlorophyll a and c, store food as mannitol, and have cell walls containing cellulose and algin.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Chlorophyll a, c; mannitol, cellulose and algin. This set of characteristics is correct for Phaeophyceae.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Recall the characteristics of Phaeophyceae (brown algae).
Step 2: Remember that Phaeophyceae have chlorophyll a and c, store food as mannitol, and have cell walls containing cellulose and algin.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Chlorophyll a, b is found in Chlorophyceae (green algae) and higher plants.
- Option C: Fucoxanthin is a pigment in Phaeophyceae, but starch is not their primary storage product, and they typically have two unequal lateral flagella, not apical.
- Option D: Chlorophyll a, d is found in Rhodophyceae (red algae), and floridean starch is their storage product.

Key Concepts:
- Characteristics of Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
- Photosynthetic pigments in algae
- Storage products in algae
- Cell wall composition of algae

Memory Aids:
- Brown algae are \"brown\" because of fucoxanthin and have \"mannitol magic.\"

Quick Tips:
- Focus on the key differences between algal classes, such as their pigments, storage products, and cell wall composition.

3 Hard

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Natural system of classification was developed by

View answer and explanation

Correct option: C

Bentham and Hooker

Option C (Bentham and Hooker) is correct because Bentham and Hooker developed the natural system of classification, which considers multiple characteristics.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Bentham and Hooker. They developed a classification based on multiple natural characteristics.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the different systems of classification.

Step 2: Identify the natural system of classification as considering multiple characteristics.

Step 3: Recognize that Bentham and Hooker developed the natural system.

Step 4: Conclusion: Natural system of classification was developed by Bentham and Hooker.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Linnaeus developed an artificial system of classification based on morphology.
- Option B: Engler and Prantl developed a phylogenetic system of classification.
- Option C: Bentham and Hooker developed the natural system of classification.
- Option D: Aristotle developed an early system of classification, but not natural.

Key Concepts:
- Natural system of classification
- Bentham and Hooker
- Multiple characteristics

Memory Aids:
- Bentham & Hooker = Natural.

Quick Tips:
- Remember that natural classification considers multiple characteristics.

4 Hard

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Consider the following statements about green algae
I. Green algae are green due to the presence of chlorophyll-a and b pigments localised in chloroplast
II. Algae store food in form of starch in a specialised structures called pyrenoids located in chloroplast. Food may be stored in form of oil droplets
III. Vegetative reproduction occurs through cell division, fragmentation, stolons and tubers
Which of the statements given above are correct?

View answer and explanation

Correct option: B

I and III

Option A (I and II) is incorrect. The correct answer is that statements I and III are correct about green algae. Statement II is partially incorrect because starch is stored in pyrenoids, but stolons and tubers are not typical vegetative reproduction methods for green algae.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: I and III. Green algae possess chlorophyll a and b, and vegetative reproduction can occur through fragmentation.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Analyze statement I: Green algae do contain chlorophyll a and b within their chloroplasts, giving them their green color.

Step 2: Analyze statement II: Green algae store food as starch within pyrenoids inside chloroplasts. They may also store food as oil droplets. However, the statement implies that starch is stored *only* in pyrenoids, which isn't entirely accurate, although pyrenoids are the primary storage sites.

Step 3: Analyze statement III: Vegetative reproduction in green algae can occur through cell division and fragmentation. Some filamentous algae can also reproduce via fragmentation. Stolons and tubers are not generally associated with green algae; these are more common in higher plants.

Step 4: Determine the correct combination: Statements I and III are correct.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: Incorrect because statement II is not entirely correct.
- Option C: Incorrect because statement II is not entirely correct.
- Option D: Incorrect because statement II is not entirely correct.

Key Concepts:
- Green algae characteristics
- Chloroplasts and pigments
- Food storage in algae
- Vegetative reproduction methods

Memory Aids:
- Remember that green algae are green due to chlorophyll a and b.

Quick Tips:
- Carefully evaluate each statement for complete accuracy before selecting the answer.

5 Hard

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The main plant body in pteridophyte is

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Sporophyte (2n) which is differentiated into root, stem and leaf

Option A (Sporophyte (2n) which is differentiated into root, stem and leaf) is correct because the main plant body in pteridophytes is a diploid sporophyte differentiated into root, stem, and leaves.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Sporophyte (2n) which is differentiated into root, stem and leaf. The main plant body in pteridophytes is the sporophyte.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the life cycle of pteridophytes.

Step 2: Remember that in pteridophytes, the sporophyte is the dominant phase and is differentiated into root, stem, and leaves.

Step 3: Conclude that the sporophyte (2n) is the main plant body in pteridophytes.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: The sporophyte in pteridophytes *does* have root, stem, and leaf.
- Option C: The gametophyte is a reduced, independent phase, not the main plant body.
- Option D: The gametophyte is a reduced, independent phase, not the main plant body, and it *does* develop root-like structures (rhizoids), but not true roots, stems, and leaves.

Key Concepts:
- Sporophyte
- Gametophyte
- Pteridophytes
- Plant life cycles

Memory Aids:
- Remember that in pteridophytes, the sporophyte is dominant, unlike bryophytes where the gametophyte is dominant.

Quick Tips:
- Understand the alternation of generations in different plant groups.

6 Hard

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[A]: Fossil plants serve as an index for paleoclimates.

[R]: Because plant adaptations to varied environmental conditions are well known.

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Option A (Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A) is correct because fossil plants can indicate past climates due to plants' well-known adaptations to environmental conditions.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Fossil plants indicate past climates because plant adaptations are well known.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Analyze Assertion (A): Fossil plants serve as an index for paleoclimates. This is true because the types of plants found as fossils can indicate the climate conditions that existed when they were alive.

Step 2: Analyze Reason (R): Because plant adaptations to varied environmental conditions are well known. This is also true. Plants have specific adaptations to different climates (e.g., drought resistance, cold tolerance).

Step 3: Determine if R explains A: The reason (R) explains the assertion (A). Because we know how plants adapt to different environments, we can use fossil plants to infer past climates.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: R is the correct explanation of A.
- Option C: Both A and R are true.
- Option D: Both A and R are true.

Key Concepts:
- Paleoclimate
- Fossil plants
- Plant adaptations
- Environmental indicators

Memory Aids:
- Plants are sensitive indicators of their environment.

Quick Tips:
- Consider how plant adaptations reflect environmental conditions.

7 Hard

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Consider the following statements and choose the correct option.

Statement-A : Pinus is monoecious whereas Cycas is dioecious.

Statement-B : Gymnosperms have haploid endosperm.

View answer and explanation

Correct option: C

Both statements A and B are correct

Option C (Both statements A and B are correct) is correct. Pinus is monoecious, Cycas is dioecious, and gymnosperms have a haploid endosperm.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Both statements A and B are correct. Pinus is monoecious, Cycas is dioecious, and the endosperm in gymnosperms is haploid because it develops before fertilization.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Evaluate Statement-A : Pinus is monoecious whereas Cycas is dioecious - Correct.

Step 2: Evaluate Statement-B : Gymnosperms have haploid endosperm - Correct. (Endosperm is formed before fertilization)

Step 3: Choose the option where both statements are correct.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Statement B is also correct.
- Option B: Statement A is also correct.
- Option D: Both statements are correct.

Key Concepts:
- Monoecious vs. Dioecious
- Gymnosperm endosperm
- Haploid

Memory Aids:
- Pinus: Monoecious, Cycas: Dioecious
- Gymnosperm Endosperm: Haploid

Quick Tips:
- Remember the reproductive strategies and endosperm ploidy in gymnosperms.

8 Hard

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If the leaf of Funaria has 5 chromosomes the primary protonema will have

View answer and explanation

Correct option: B

5 chromosomes

Option B (5 chromosomes) is correct because the primary protonema is part of the gametophyte generation, which is haploid. Therefore, it will have the same number of chromosomes as the leaf of Funaria, which is also part of the gametophyte.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: 5 chromosomes. The protonema is part of the gametophyte generation, which is haploid.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Understand the life cycle of Funaria (a moss). The leaf is part of the gametophyte generation, which is haploid (n).

Step 2: The primary protonema is also part of the gametophyte generation. Therefore, it will have the same ploidy as the leaf.

Step 3: If the leaf has 5 chromosomes (n = 5), the primary protonema will also have 5 chromosomes.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: 10 chromosomes would be the diploid number (2n), which is found in the sporophyte generation.
- Option C: 15 chromosomes is an incorrect number and doesn't relate to the ploidy of the gametophyte or sporophyte.
- Option D: 20 chromosomes is an incorrect number and doesn't relate to the ploidy of the gametophyte or sporophyte.

Key Concepts:
- Bryophyte life cycle
- Gametophyte and sporophyte generations
- Haploid and diploid ploidy levels

Memory Aids:
- Gametophyte = haploid (n)
- Sporophyte = diploid (2n)

Quick Tips:
- Always relate the structure to its generation (gametophyte or sporophyte) to determine the ploidy.

9 Hard

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Which of the following statement is correct about the gametophytic stage in the alteration of generation with in the life cycle?

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Generation that produces the gametes

Option A (Generation that produces the gametes) is correct because the gametophytic stage is the haploid generation that produces gametes.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Generation that produces the gametes. The gametophyte is the haploid generation that produces gametes.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Define gametophyte: The haploid (n) generation in plants that produces gametes through mitosis.

Step 2: Consider the options:
- Spores are produced by the sporophyte.
- Vascular tissue can be present in both sporophyte and gametophyte, depending on the plant group.
- The diploid generation is the sporophyte.

Step 3: Conclude: The gametophyte produces gametes.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B (Generation that produces the spores): The sporophyte produces the spores.
- Option C (Generation that produces vascular tissue): Vascular tissue can be present in both sporophyte and gametophyte, depending on the plant group, but it's not the defining characteristic of the gametophyte.
- Option D (The diploid generation): The gametophyte is the haploid generation.

Key Concepts:
- Gametophyte function
- Gamete production

Memory Aids:
- Gametophyte = Gamete producer

Quick Tips:
- Remember that gametes are produced by mitosis in the gametophyte.

10 Hard

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In Selaginella, trabeculae are the modification of

View answer and explanation

Correct option: C

Endodermal cells

Option C (Endodermal cells) is correct because trabeculae in Selaginella are modified endodermal cells that extend into the air spaces of the stem.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Endodermal cells. Trabeculae in Selaginella are modified endodermal cells.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Define Trabeculae: Trabeculae are cellular extensions found in the stems of Selaginella.

Step 2: Identify the origin: These structures are derived from the endodermal cells.

Step 3: Relate to the options: Consider each option in relation to the origin of trabeculae.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Epidermal cells: Trabeculae are not derived from epidermal cells.
- Option B: Cortical cells: Trabeculae are not derived from cortical cells.
- Option D: Pericycle cells: Trabeculae are not derived from pericycle cells.

Key Concepts:
- Selaginella anatomy
- Endodermis
- Trabeculae

Memory Aids:
- Trabeculae = Endodermis in Selaginella

Quick Tips:
- Remember the specific anatomical features of Selaginella.

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Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of

View answer and explanation

Correct option: D

Chlamydomonas

Option D is correct because Chlamydomonas exhibits zygotic meiosis, where the zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid vegetative cells.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Chlamydomonas. Chlamydomonas exhibits zygotic meiosis.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Define zygotic meiosis: Meiosis occurs in the zygote, resulting in haploid individuals.
Step 2: Recall the life cycle of Chlamydomonas. It exhibits zygotic meiosis.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Marchantia is a bryophyte with sporic meiosis.
- Option B: Fucus is a brown alga with gametic meiosis.
- Option C: Funaria is a bryophyte with sporic meiosis.

Key Concepts:
- Zygotic meiosis
- Life cycles of algae and plants

Memory Aids:
- Chlamydomonas has \"zygotic zest.\"

Quick Tips:
- Know the different types of meiosis (zygotic, sporic, gametic) and examples of organisms that exhibit each type.

12 Hard

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Choose the correct option w.r.t features in different plant group

View answer and explanation

Correct option: C

Group - Gymnosperms, Embryo - Present, Gametes - Heterogametes, Gametes transfer - Pollen

Option C (Group - Gymnosperms, Embryo - Present, Gametes - Heterogametes, Gametes transfer - Pollen) is correct. Gymnosperms have embryos, heterogametes, and pollen for gamete transfer.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Group - Gymnosperms, Embryo - Present, Gametes - Heterogametes, Gametes transfer - Pollen. Gymnosperms have embryos, exhibit heterogamy (different sized gametes), and utilize pollen for gamete transfer.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Evaluate option A: Algae - Embryo Absent, Gametes Isogametes, Gametes transfer Pollen - Incorrect. Algae use water for gamete transfer and have isogametes.

Step 2: Evaluate option B: Bryophytes - Embryo Present, Gametes Isogametes, Gametes transfer $H_2O$ - Incorrect. Bryophytes exhibit heterogamy.

Step 3: Evaluate option C: Gymnosperms - Embryo Present, Gametes Heterogametes, Gametes transfer Pollen - Correct.

Step 4: Evaluate option D: Pteridophytes - Embryo Present, Gametes Isogametes, Gametes transfer $H_2O$ - Incorrect. Pteridophytes exhibit heterogamy.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Algae use water for gamete transfer and have isogametes.
- Option B: Bryophytes exhibit heterogamy.
- Option D: Pteridophytes exhibit heterogamy.

Key Concepts:
- Plant groups
- Embryo presence
- Gamete type (isogametes vs. heterogametes)
- Gamete transfer mechanism

Memory Aids:
- Gymnosperms: Pollen, Heterogametes

Quick Tips:
- Remember the key features of each plant group.

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In haplontic life cycle, the dominant generation is

View answer and explanation

Correct option: B

Gametophyte

Option B (Gametophyte) is correct because in a haplontic life cycle, the haploid gametophyte is the dominant and often the only multicellular phase.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Gametophyte. In a haplontic life cycle, the gametophyte is the dominant generation.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Define Haplontic life cycle.

Step 2: Recall the characteristics of the haplontic life cycle.

Step 3: In a haplontic life cycle, the dominant generation is the haploid gametophyte.

Step 4: The sporophyte is usually a short-lived diploid zygote that undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Sporophyte - Incorrect. The sporophyte is not the dominant generation in a haplontic life cycle.
- Option B: Gametophyte - Correct. The gametophyte is the dominant generation in a haplontic life cycle.
- Option C: Both (a) and (b) - Incorrect. Only the gametophyte is dominant.
- Option D: None of the above - Incorrect. The gametophyte is the dominant generation.

Key Concepts:
- Haplontic life cycle
- Gametophyte
- Sporophyte

Memory Aids:
- Remember that in a haplontic life cycle, the gametophyte is the dominant generation.

Quick Tips:
- Focus on the characteristics of different life cycle patterns.

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Nephrolepis is a

View answer and explanation

Correct option: B

Pteridophyte

Option B (Pteridophyte) is correct because Nephrolepis, commonly known as the sword fern, belongs to the Pteridophyta (fern) group.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Pteridophyte. Nephrolepis is a fern, which belongs to the Pteridophyta.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the classification of Nephrolepis.

Step 2: Identify the characteristics of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.

Step 3: Match the characteristics of Nephrolepis to the correct plant group.

Step 4: Conclude that Nephrolepis is a Pteridophyte.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Bryophytes are non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts.
- Option C: Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants with naked seeds.
- Option D: Angiosperms are flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruits.

Key Concepts:
- Plant classification
- Pteridophytes (ferns)

Memory Aids:
- Nephrolepis = Fern

Quick Tips:
- Remember common examples of each plant group.

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A typical of angiospermic embryo sac is usually

View answer and explanation

Correct option: D

Seven celled

Option D (Seven celled) is correct because a typical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity is composed of seven cells: one egg cell, two synergid cells, one central cell (containing two polar nuclei), and three antipodal cells.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Seven celled. A typical angiosperm embryo sac is 7-celled.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the structure of a mature angiosperm embryo sac.

Step 2: A typical angiosperm embryo sac is 7-celled and 8-nucleated. It contains one egg cell, two synergids, a central cell with two polar nuclei, and three antipodal cells.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: One-celled is incorrect; the embryo sac is multicellular.
- Option B: Three-celled is incorrect; the embryo sac has more than three cells.
- Option C: Five-celled is incorrect; the embryo sac has more than five cells.

Key Concepts:
- Embryo sac
- Angiosperm reproduction
- Cell structure

Memory Aids:
- 7 cells, 8 nuclei in the angiosperm embryo sac.

Quick Tips:
- Remember the specific cell types and their arrangement in the embryo sac.

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Characters of both conifers and cycads are found in

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Ginkgo

Option A (Ginkgo) is correct because Ginkgo biloba possesses characteristics of both conifers and cycads, representing an evolutionary link between them.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Ginkgo. Ginkgo shares characteristics of both conifers and cycads.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Identify the key characteristics of conifers and cycads. Conifers are typically cone-bearing plants with needle-like or scale-like leaves. Cycads are palm-like plants with large, compound leaves and separate male and female plants.

Step 2: Consider the characteristics of each option.

Step 3: Ginkgo biloba exhibits characteristics of both groups. It has fan-shaped leaves, separate male and female trees, and motile sperm, which are characteristics found in cycads. It also has a cone-like structure, although not as prominent as in conifers.

Step 4: Ephedra, Cupressus, and Tsuga are primarily conifers and do not share as many characteristics with cycads as Ginkgo does.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperms, but it is more closely related to conifers and does not exhibit as many cycad-like characteristics as Ginkgo.
- Option C: Cupressus is a genus of coniferous trees, commonly known as cypresses. They do not share significant characteristics with cycads.
- Option D: Tsuga is a genus of coniferous trees, commonly known as hemlocks. They are also primarily conifers and lack the cycad-like features of Ginkgo.

Key Concepts:
- Gymnosperms
- Conifers
- Cycads
- Plant evolution

Memory Aids:
- Remember that Ginkgo is a \"living fossil,\" representing an ancient lineage with mixed characteristics.

Quick Tips:
- When comparing plant groups, focus on key characteristics such as leaf shape, reproductive structures, and life cycle.

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[A]: Allopatric species are geographically isolated whereas sympatric species coexist.

[R]: Allopatric species can be accepted as separate species unless they pass the test of sympatry.

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Option A (Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A) is correct because allopatric species are geographically isolated, and sympatric species coexist, and the test of sympatry is used to confirm species status.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Geographic isolation leads to allopatric speciation, and sympatry tests species boundaries.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Analyze Assertion (A): Allopatric species are geographically isolated whereas sympatric species coexist. This is a correct definition of allopatric and sympatric species.

Step 2: Analyze Reason (R): Allopatric species can be accepted as separate species unless they pass the test of sympatry. This is also true. If allopatric species can coexist and remain distinct when brought together (sympatry), it supports their classification as separate species.

Step 3: Determine if R explains A: The reason (R) explains the assertion (A). The test of sympatry helps confirm the species status of allopatric species, reinforcing the distinction between geographically isolated and coexisting species.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: R is the correct explanation of A.
- Option C: Both A and R are true.
- Option D: Both A and R are true.

Key Concepts:
- Allopatric speciation
- Sympatric speciation
- Species concepts
- Reproductive isolation

Memory Aids:
- Allopatric = Different places
- Sympatric = Same place

Quick Tips:
- Understand the role of geographic isolation in speciation.

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Male sex organs in an angiospermic flower is

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Stamen

Option A (Stamen) is correct because the stamen is the male reproductive organ in a flower, consisting of the anther and filament.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Stamen. The stamen is the male reproductive organ in a flower.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the structure of a flower and its reproductive organs.

Step 2: The stamen is the male reproductive organ, consisting of the anther (where pollen is produced) and the filament (stalk that supports the anther).

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: Pistil is the female reproductive organ.
- Option C: Carpel is another name for the pistil (female reproductive organ).
- Option D: Shoot refers to the stem and leaves of a plant, not the reproductive organ.

Key Concepts:
- Stamen
- Pistil/Carpel
- Flower anatomy
- Reproductive organs

Memory Aids:
- Stamen = male, Pistil/Carpel = female.

Quick Tips:
- Remember the basic structure of a flower and the functions of its parts.

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[A]: Some of the Sea kelps are used as fertilizers.

[R]: They are important source of minerals.

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Option A is correct because sea kelps are used as fertilizers due to their high mineral content, making the reason a correct explanation for the assertion.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A because sea kelps are used as fertilizers because they are rich in minerals.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Analyze the assertion and the reason.

Step 2: [A]: Some of the Sea kelps are used as fertilizers. This is true.

Step 3: [R]: They are important source of minerals. This is also true and explains why they are used as fertilizers.

Step 4: The reason correctly explains the assertion.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: The reason is a correct explanation.
- Option C: Both A and R are true.
- Option D: Both A and R are true.

Key Concepts:
- Sea kelps as fertilizers
- Mineral content of sea kelps

Memory Aids:
- Kelp = Minerals = Fertilizer.

Quick Tips:
- Consider the nutritional content of organisms when evaluating their uses.

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Choose the correct statements for the sporophyte of bryophytes,
I. sporophyte is multicellular, not free living but attached to the gametophyte for nourishment from it
II. some cells of the sporophyte under go meiosis to produce haploid spores
III. these spores germinate to produce gametophyte

View answer and explanation

Correct option: D

I, II and III

Option D (I, II and III) is correct because all three statements accurately describe the sporophyte of bryophytes: it is multicellular and dependent on the gametophyte, it produces haploid spores via meiosis, and these spores germinate to form the gametophyte.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: I, II and III. All three statements are correct regarding the sporophyte of bryophytes.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Analyze statement I: The sporophyte of bryophytes is multicellular and attached to the gametophyte, deriving nourishment from it. It is not free-living.

Step 2: Analyze statement II: Some cells within the sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores.

Step 3: Analyze statement III: These haploid spores are released and germinate to form the gametophyte.

Step 4: Determine the correct combination: All three statements are correct.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Incorrect because statement III is also correct.
- Option B: Incorrect because statement II is also correct.
- Option C: Incorrect because statement I is also correct.

Key Concepts:
- Bryophyte sporophyte
- Meiosis and spore formation
- Gametophyte development

Memory Aids:
- Remember the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte in bryophytes.

Quick Tips:
- Consider the entire life cycle when answering questions about sporophytes and gametophytes.

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Statement I: Main plant body of bryophytes is sporophytic.
Statement II: Main plant body of pteridophytes is gametophytic.

View answer and explanation

Correct option: B

Both statement I and II are incorrect.

Option B (Both statement I and II are incorrect) is correct because the main plant body of bryophytes is gametophytic, and the main plant body of pteridophytes is sporophytic.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Both statement I and II are incorrect. The statements are factually incorrect regarding the dominant plant body in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Analyze Statement I: Main plant body of bryophytes is sporophytic. (Incorrect. It is gametophytic.)

Step 2: Analyze Statement II: Main plant body of pteridophytes is gametophytic. (Incorrect. It is sporophytic.)

Step 3: Conclude: Both statements are incorrect.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A (Both statement I and II are correct): Both statements are incorrect.
- Option C (Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect): Statement I is incorrect.
- Option D (Statement II is correct but statement I is incorrect): Statement II is incorrect.

Key Concepts:
- Dominant plant body in bryophytes and pteridophytes
- Gametophyte and sporophyte generations

Memory Aids:
- Bryophytes = Gametophyte dominant
- Pteridophytes = Sporophyte dominant

Quick Tips:
- Remember the dominant phase for bryophytes and pteridophytes.

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Which stage is responsible for sexual reproduction in pteridophyta?

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Gametophyte

Option A (Gametophyte) is correct because sexual reproduction in pteridophytes occurs within the gametophyte generation, which produces the gametes.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Gametophyte. Sexual reproduction in pteridophytes occurs in the gametophyte generation.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the life cycle of pteridophytes.

Step 2: The gametophyte is the haploid stage that produces gametes.

Step 3: The sporophyte is the diploid stage that produces spores.

Step 4: Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes produced by the gametophyte.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: Sporophyte is the asexual, spore-producing stage.
- Option C: Vegetative reproduction is asexual and not directly related to sexual reproduction.
- Option D: The sporophyte is not directly involved in sexual reproduction.

Key Concepts:
- Pteridophyte life cycle
- Gametophyte
- Sporophyte
- Sexual reproduction

Memory Aids:
- Gametophyte = Gametes, Sexual reproduction
- Sporophyte = Spores, Asexual reproduction

Quick Tips:
- Remember the roles of the gametophyte and sporophyte in plant life cycles.

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Pigment present in Kelp and Ectocarpus is

View answer and explanation

Correct option: C

Chl a, Chl c and fucoxanthin

Option C (Chl a, Chl c and fucoxanthin) is correct because Kelp and Ectocarpus, both brown algae, contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Chl a, Chl c and fucoxanthin. These pigments are present in brown algae.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the pigments present in brown algae.

Step 2: Kelp and Ectocarpus are brown algae (Phaeophyceae).

Step 3: Brown algae contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin.

Step 4: Therefore, the answer is Chl a, Chl c and fucoxanthin.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Chl a and Chl b are found in green algae and higher plants.
- Option B: Chl a, Chl d, and Phycoerythrin are found in red algae.
- Option D: Chl a and Chl d are found in red algae, not brown algae.

Key Concepts:
- Pigments in algae
- Brown algae (Phaeophyceae)
- Chlorophyll and fucoxanthin

Memory Aids:
- Remember that brown algae have \"c\" in their name and contain chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin.

Quick Tips:
- Know the different pigments present in different algal groups.

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In ___ a dominant and independent haploid gametophyte alternates with a short – lived, dependent sporophyte.

View answer and explanation

Correct option: B

Bryophytes

Option B (Bryophytes) is correct because bryophytes have a dominant and independent haploid gametophyte that alternates with a short-lived, dependent sporophyte.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Bryophytes. Bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte and a dependent sporophyte.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the life cycles of different plant groups.

Step 2: Algae can have haplontic, diplontic, or haplo-diplontic life cycles.

Step 3: Bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte and a dependent sporophyte.

Step 4: Pteridophytes have independent gametophyte and sporophyte stages.

Step 5: Gymnosperms have a dominant sporophyte and a reduced gametophyte.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Algae - Incorrect. Algae can have different life cycles.
- Option B: Bryophytes - Correct. They have a dominant gametophyte and a dependent sporophyte.
- Option C: Pteridophytes - Incorrect. They have independent gametophyte and sporophyte stages.
- Option D: Gymnosperms - Incorrect. They have a dominant sporophyte and a reduced gametophyte.

Key Concepts:
- Plant life cycles
- Gametophyte
- Sporophyte
- Algae
- Bryophytes
- Pteridophytes
- Gymnosperms

Memory Aids:
- Remember that Bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte and a dependent sporophyte.

Quick Tips:
- Focus on the life cycle patterns of different plant groups.

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Which of the following plants produces seeds but not flowers?

View answer and explanation

Correct option: D

Pinus

Option D (Pinus) is correct because Pinus, a gymnosperm, produces seeds but does not produce flowers.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Pinus. Pinus is a gymnosperm that produces seeds but not flowers.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the characteristics of maize, mint, peepal, and Pinus.

Step 2: Consider the reproductive structures of each plant. Maize, mint, and peepal are angiosperms and produce both seeds and flowers. Pinus is a gymnosperm and produces seeds but not flowers.

Step 3: Conclusion: Pinus produces seeds but not flowers.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Maize produces both seeds and flowers.
- Option B: Mint produces both seeds and flowers.
- Option C: Peepal produces both seeds and flowers.

Key Concepts:
- Gymnosperms vs. angiosperms
- Seed and flower production

Memory Aids:
- Remember that gymnosperms do not produce flowers.

Quick Tips:
- Differentiate between gymnosperms and angiosperms based on flower production.

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Which of the following plant group is considered as first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues xylem and phloem?

View answer and explanation

Correct option: B

Pteridophytes

Option B (Pteridophytes) is correct because pteridophytes are the first group of plants to evolve true vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, enabling them to grow taller and colonize terrestrial environments more effectively.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Pteridophytes. They are the first terrestrial plants with xylem and phloem.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the evolutionary history of plant vascular tissue.

Step 2: Identify the plant group that first developed xylem and phloem.

Step 3: Pteridophytes were the first to possess true vascular tissues.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Bryophytes lack true vascular tissue (xylem and phloem).
- Option C: Gymnosperms are more advanced and have vascular tissue, but they evolved after pteridophytes.
- Option D: Angiosperms are the most advanced and have vascular tissue, but they evolved after pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

Key Concepts:
- Vascular Tissue: Xylem and phloem for water and nutrient transport.
- Pteridophytes: The first vascular plants.

Memory Aids:
- Remember the evolutionary order: Bryophytes → Pteridophytes → Gymnosperms → Angiosperms.

Quick Tips:
- Vascular tissue is a key adaptation for terrestrial plant life.

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[A]: In Pinus only the dwarf roots become mycorrhizal.

[R]: Seeds of Pinus are polycotyledonous.

View answer and explanation

Correct option: B

Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A

Option B (Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A) is correct because dwarf roots in Pinus become mycorrhizal, and Pinus seeds are polycotyledonous, but the latter doesn't explain the former.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A. Mycorrhizal association in dwarf roots and polycotyledonous seeds are independent facts.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Analyze Assertion [A]: In Pinus only the dwarf roots become mycorrhizal.

Step 2: Recall that dwarf roots in Pinus form mycorrhizal associations for nutrient uptake.

Step 3: Therefore, Assertion [A] is true.

Step 4: Analyze Reason [R]: Seeds of Pinus are polycotyledonous.

Step 5: Recall that Pinus seeds have multiple cotyledons (polycotyledonous).

Step 6: Therefore, Reason [R] is true.

Step 7: Determine if Reason [R] explains Assertion [A]. The number of cotyledons in the seed does not explain why only dwarf roots become mycorrhizal.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option A: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A - Incorrect because R does not explain A.
- Option B: Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A - Correct because both A and R are true, but R does not explain A.
- Option C: A is true but R is false - Incorrect because both A and R are true.
- Option D: Both A and R are false - Incorrect because both A and R are true.

Key Concepts:
- Pinus
- Mycorrhizal association
- Dwarf roots
- Polycotyledonous seeds

Memory Aids:
- Remember that mycorrhizae help with nutrient absorption in Pinus.

Quick Tips:
- Distinguish between true statements and statements that provide a causal explanation.

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Cycas seed is

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Dicotyledonous

Option A (Dicotyledonous) is correct because Cycas seeds have two cotyledons, making them dicotyledonous, and they are also endospermic.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Dicotyledonous. Cycas seeds have two cotyledons.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the characteristics of Cycas seeds.

Step 2: Understand that Cycas is a gymnosperm.

Step 3: Recognize that Cycas seeds have two cotyledons, classifying them as dicotyledonous.

Step 4: Also, note that Cycas seeds are endospermic, meaning they have endosperm tissue to nourish the developing embryo.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: Monocotyledonous: Cycas seeds have two cotyledons, not one.
- Option C: Dicotyledonous, non-endospermic: Cycas seeds are endospermic, not non-endospermic.
- Option D: Monocotyledonous, endospermic: Cycas seeds are dicotyledonous, not monocotyledonous.

Key Concepts:
- Cotyledons
- Dicotyledonous vs. Monocotyledonous
- Endosperm
- Gymnosperm seeds
- Cycas

Memory Aids:
- Remember that \"Di\" means two, so dicotyledonous seeds have two cotyledons.

Quick Tips:
- Know the difference between monocot and dicot seeds based on the number of cotyledons.

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Which one of the following plants functions as symbolic nitrogen-fixing plant?

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Azolla

Option A (Azolla) is correct because Azolla is an aquatic fern that forms a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (Anabaena azollae), making it a symbolic nitrogen-fixing plant.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Azolla. Azolla functions as a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing plant.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Recall the nitrogen-fixing plants and their symbiotic relationships.

Step 2: Identify which plant forms a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Step 3: Azolla forms a symbiotic relationship with Anabaena azollae, a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B: Cycas has a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria in its coralloid roots, but it is a gymnosperm, not a symbolic nitrogen-fixing plant in the same way as Azolla.
- Option C: Mosses do not typically form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
- Option D: Marchantia is a liverwort and does not typically form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Key Concepts:
- Nitrogen Fixation: The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms by plants.
- Azolla: An aquatic fern with a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

Memory Aids:
- Associate Azolla with its nitrogen-fixing capabilities in rice paddies.

Quick Tips:
- Remember Azolla as a key example of a plant involved in nitrogen fixation.

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Which type of life cycle Spirogyra shows?

View answer and explanation

Correct option: A

Haplontic

Option A (Haplontic) is correct because Spirogyra exhibits a haplontic life cycle where the dominant phase is haploid.

Solution approach

Correct Answer + Core Reason: Haplontic. Spirogyra shows a haplontic life cycle where the zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid filaments.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Step 1: Define haplontic life cycle: The dominant phase is haploid, and the diploid phase is represented only by the zygote.

Step 2: Consider Spirogyra: The vegetative filament is haploid. Only the zygote is diploid and it undergoes meiosis (zygotic meiosis).

Step 3: Conclude: Since the dominant phase is haploid, Spirogyra exhibits a haplontic life cycle.

Why other options are wrong:
- Option B (Diplontic): This is incorrect because in diplontic life cycles, the diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase. Spirogyra's dominant phase is haploid.
- Option C (Haplo-Diplontic): This is incorrect because while some algae show haplo-diplontic life cycles, Spirogyra does not. It is strictly haplontic.
- Option D (Triplontic): This is incorrect because triplontic life cycles do not exist in plants.

Key Concepts:
- Haplontic life cycle
- Zygotic meiosis

Memory Aids:
- Spirogyra = Haplontic

Quick Tips:
- Remember that in haplontic life cycles, meiosis is zygotic.

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